Alex Wang's Blog: Curbing Pollution

What a difference a day makes...

2007-11-26T17:33:08Z

It's a beautiful day in Beijing today, which made me think about this picture someone sent me a few months ago:

This is a photo of Beijing on two consecutive days about a year ago in 2006. This, in a single picture, crystallizes for me why we are working in China. The enormity of the problem on one side. The overwhelming promise and potential on the other.

Many days over this gritty city are like those days you see on the left. Those are days when you stay inside and turn your air purifier up to 11. But, sometimes – particularly when a strong wind blows through or after a heavy rain – we get a perfect day like you see towards the right, an instant reminder of what is possible.

There is a tremendous amount of environmental protection activity to take us to the cleaner side of this picture, coming from many different sectors of Chinese society – government, community groups, lawyers, environmental groups, scientists, doctors, etc. More needs to be done though. We have been working to help implement a number of key solutions (in the areas of greater public involvement in environmental protection, improved access to environmental information, energy efficiency and green buildings, clean energy technologies, and so on). I’ll look forward to talking more about these in the weeks to come.

Pollution Reduces China’s Rainfall

2007-11-18T18:01:13Z

Pollution is causing rainfall to decrease in certain parts of China. A little noticed study published in Science earlier this year, somewhat opaquely entitled “Inverse Relations between Amounts of Air Pollution and Orographic Precipitation,” found that average precipitation in a particular mountain region in central China had fallen by 20 percent over the past 50 years. The authors of the study showed that increasing concentrations of fine, airborne pollutants were responsible for decreasing average precipitation in mountain regions.

“These findings highlight the threat to vital water resources in polluted regions of the world where hilly-area precipitation makes a significant contribution to the regional water supply, as in the southwestern U.S. central and northern China, and the Middle East.”

Figure: Trends of annual precipitation amounts and Ro between Mt. Hua and the plain stations of (A) Xi'an and (B) Huayin.

In past years, the conventional wisdom was that environmental protection, while desirable, was a luxury that a still developing China could not always afford. This study is part of the increasingly overwhelming body of evidence that environmental pollution actually hurts China’s economic development. Development that harms a region’s ability to renew its own water supply is not sustainable development. Many terrific experts within China have been pounding this drum in recent years.

The BBC ran an article on this a few months ago.

Little Stiletto Heels and China’s Environment

2007-11-06T13:56:54Z

It’s no secret that the products that fuel our daily consumer lives in the U.S. are now overwhelmingly produced in China. Try living a year without buying anything “Made in China” and see how you like it (one woman seems to have done just that and wrote a book about it – in short, it’s doable, but more expensive and an all-around pain).

Less often discussed is the fact that the environmental crisis in China is driven in significant part by the production of goods for our consumption. The resultant pollution in turn is finding its way back to the U.S. A few media articles have made this connection.

A Wall Street Journal article last week noted the following:

A significant portion of China's air pollution can be traced directly to the production of goods that are exported. In the city of Shenzhen, a major industrial base in southern China, about 89% of emissions of sulfur dioxide, an air pollutant that causes acid rain, are released in the process of export manufacturing, according to a recent study published in the U.S.-based Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. The study also found 71% of particulate matter, the small particles that cause smog and respiratory problems, can be traced to the manufacturing of exported goods.

The best piece I have seen on the connection between Chinese pollution and U.S. consumer behavior is Evan Osnos’ award-winning piece in the Chicago Tribune on Chinese cashmere. The article tied insatiable demand in the U.S. for $20 Wal-Mart cashmere sweaters to massive land degradation in northern China where the goats that generate cashmere wool are raised. The dust storms caused by this land degradation have in turn contributed to air pollution over the U.S. Osnos talks about the cycle on the Colbert Report of all places (to paraphrase, “the goats hooves are like little stiletto heels piercing the earth…”). What goes around comes around.

China’s government is using this dynamic to try to address its own environmental problems. China’s State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) recently announced an initiative with the Ministry of Commerce to clamp down on export manufacturers that violate environmental laws. According to WSJ, “export manufacturers that violate China's pollution laws would be forced to close for one to three years. The policy will be enforced jointly by SEPA and the Ministry of Commerce.”

On its face, this seems like a superfluous move since all enterprises (not just export manufacturers) are subject to environmental laws already. However, the key here is joint SEPA enforcement with the much more powerful Ministry of Commerce. SEPA continues to be one of China’s weakest ministries with only 250 some staffers at the national level to oversee China’s environmental protection, and this represents another in a series of moves by SEPA to maximize its influence within the limits of its fairly significant resource constraints.

Can Beijing Clear the Air in Time for the Olympics?

2007-08-10T10:23:34Z

The hot topic in Beijing this week is whether the murky haze of smog that usually covers the city will be lifted when the world's athletes begin to descend on Beijing in August 2008. This summer certainly hasn't been pretty from an air quality perspective here in Beijing.

Dramatic things are possible though and we may be surprised at what we see come August 2008. One of the key measures Beijing is taking to clean the air is to remove a dramatic number of cars from the roads. There is going to be a trial run of this from August 17-20, when some 1.3 million of Beijing's 3 million motor vehicles will be taken off the road. A smaller scale practice run last fall (a mere 800,000 cars!) during a China-Africa forum showed drastic and virtually immediate reductions in NOx levels of 40 percent. There are some amazing satellite photos and stats on the NASA Observatory site:

Like many things in China, the scale of this endeavor is simply mind-boggling.

Other techniques to clear the air include shutting down factories, holding up the massive amounts of construction going on, and unleashing China's substantial artificial rain-making apparatus in the days before the Games. I've heard that the main concern is forcing clouds to rain themselves out before they hit Beijing so as to avoid a rainy opening ceremony; however, rain almost always whips up winds that blow pollution out of the city for the following day or two. If it helps to remove pollution, I can't imagine that Beijing will not use it in the lead-up to the big show.

So, I'm not too worried about the air during the Beijing Olympics. The real challenge is for China to sustain this long after the Olympics are done and gone. There are a lot of steps that China can take to make this a reality (while continuing to grow and improve economic conditions for the nation's people), but the devil will be in the details of implementation and making sure that leaders have the will to do what it takes. More on this later...